Renu Publishers

The cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) has the potential to provide significant economic benefits to farmers in Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh, India. However, there are a number of constraints that limit the growth of this sector. This study investigates the economic aspects of MAP production in Bilaspur district, and identifies the major constraints that farmers face. The study finds that the area under cultivation for MAPs has been increasing in Bilaspur district, but the growth rate has been slower than in other parts of Chhattisgarh. This is due to a number of factors, including the high cost of planting material, lack of technical knowledge, and limited access to markets. The study also finds that the profitability of MAP production varies depending on the crop. Lemon grass is the most profitable MAP in Bilaspur district. However, the profitability of MAP production is still lower than that of other crops, such as rice and wheat. The study recommends a number of policy interventions to promote the growth of the MAP sector in Bilaspur district. These include providing subsidies for planting material, improving access to technical knowledge, and developing market linkages for MAPs. The study concludes that the cultivation of MAPs has the potential to provide significant economic benefits to farmers in Bilaspur district. However, the growth of this sector is constrained by a number of factors. The study recommends a number of policy interventions to promote the growth of the MAP sector in Bilaspur district. 

This research delves into the economic dynamics surrounding the cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants

(MAPs) within the Bilaspur district of Chhattisgarh, India. Employing a meticulous multistage random sampling

approach, respondents were carefully selected for data collection. This region enjoys a climatic advantage conducive to the growth of diverse MAPs. The study scrutinizes the cost and return structure specific to Aloe vera cultivation. Operational costs encompass a gamut of expenses, including labor, materials, seeds, fertilizers, and machinery, while overhead costs encompass fixed capital expenses such as land rental, depreciation, and interest. Notably, Aloe vera yielded 257.32 qtl/ha in small farms, 291.73 qtl/ha in medium-sized ones, and 294.17 qtl/ha in larger farms. The overall gross returns were calculated at ` 140,536.67 per hectare, with medium-sized farms reaping the highest net returns at ` 64,708.12 per hectare. Unpacking the operational expenses for Aloe vera cultivation, material costs emerged as the predominant component, closely followed by labor and seed expenses. The operational cost per hectare spanned from ` 53,380.64 for small farmers to ` 60,204.89 for their larger counterparts. Interestingly, overhead costs, including land revenue, depreciation, and interest, remained lower than operational costs across all farm sizes. The research demonstrates a direct correlation between MAP yield and gross returns, underlining the profitability of Aloe vera cultivation, as evidenced by a favorable benefit-cost ratio. These findings serve as a valuable compass for policymakers, farmers, and stakeholders, offering insights that can inform decisions pertaining to MAP cultivation, processing, and marketing. Ultimately, this study has the potential to enhance the economic viability of MAP production in the region.

In agriculture, marketing of agricultural produce is very important factor to get income for farmers. Krishi Upaj

mandi or regulated markets are very important in marketing of agricultural produce. In Madhya Pradesh there

are 538 regulated markets of which 256 are main wholesale market (Krishi Upaj Mandi) and 282 submarket yards. The study was conducted from 2013-14 to 2018-19 by collecting secondary data from all the selected mandi. The simple method of percentage and correlation was used for analyzing the primary and secondary data. Mostly the tabulation method was used in summarized data to examine the relationship between total Income and total arrivals and Comparison of Income, Expenditure and Arrivals of all the selected 16 mandies of Chambal division during 2013-14 to 2018-19. Study shows that overall correlation coefficient between total income and total arrivals of mandi was moderately positive i.e.0.67 which imply moderately positive relationship (increase in income due to increase in arrivals) between income and arrivals of all the selected 16 mandies during 2013-14 to 2018-19.

In flower crop production area about 60 percent of working women are involved marketing agents in the domestic

trade market of flower crop in Uttar Pradesh. Lower income of both women and male retailers are difference

in quantity of flower traded, profit per unit for types of flower traded, types of market and period of trading

flowers. Institutional credit is the urgent need of this hour for both male and female marketing agents to make

domestic trade market of flower crop more profitable for marketing agents. Some schemes need to be launched by the institutional sources including government for providing greater supply of credit to these marketing agents.

This research paper aims to analyze and compare the income and employment structures of tribal and non-tribal households in Pathalgaon, Jashpur District of Chhattisgarh, India. The study employed a multistage random

sampling technique to select the district, block, villages, and farm households. Primary data were collected

through farm-level surveys, and secondary data were collected from published sources of various government and non-government organizations. The study investigates the sources of income and employment patterns in these two groups, highlighting the differences and potential factors influencing them. The data used in the analysis is derived from a comprehensive survey conducted among households from both tribal and non-tribal communities. The findings reveal distinct disparities in the income and employment structures between tribal and non-tribal households. Tribal households predominantly rely on on-farm activities such as crop cultivation and livestock farming as their primary source of income. Non-tribal households, on the other hand, exhibit a more diversified income portfolio, with significant contributions from off-farm activities, non-farm wage employment, business ventures, and government or private services. The research findings suggest the need for targeted policies and interventions to address the income and employment disparities between tribal and non-tribal households. Efforts

should focus on enhancing educational opportunities, providing skill development programs, and expanding

non-farm employment opportunities for tribal communities. Additionally, measures to improve land ownership

and resource access for tribal households can contribute to bridging the income and employment gaps.

Study conducted within the rural-urban interface of Bengaluru, this study collected data from women engaged in

both dairy and non-dairy activities. Findings emphasized the significant role women play in income generation

within the dairy sector, actively contributing through animal care and milk supply chain involvement. Notably,

crossbreed cows exhibited higher profitability compared to local breeds. A substantial income disparity emerged

between dairy-involved women (` 78,804) and non-dairy participants (` 52,933), with dairy women earning more

despite dedicating less time. Rural women, equipped with essential indigenous knowledge, skills, and resources,

demonstrate the potential to establish and manage enterprises. Women entrepreneur networks are pivotal

sources of knowledge and are increasingly recognized as invaluable tools for fostering and advancing women’s

entrepreneurship. Thus, promoting the formation and strengthening of rural women entrepreneur networks

becomes essential, harnessing their capabilities for development and empowerment.

Present study on the basis of time series data during the 1997 to 2017. In this study conclude that highest area

(10,12,425 ha) in 2013-14, highest production (24,98,186 mt) and productivity (24.83 qtl / ha) in 2016-17. It also

revealed that minimum area (8,90,377 ha), production (15,96,930 mt) and productivity (17.28 qtl / ha) during the

period of 1997-98, 2009-2010 and 2000-01 respectively. In this study also reveal simple growth rate of rice in area, production and productivity is 1.01, 1.94 and 1.03 respectively. The area registered positive combined growth rate of 1.025, per cent annually in the Central region. The production and Productivity registered positive and increasing growth rate of, 1.91 and 0.99 per cent annually during 1997-98 to 2016-17 in the Central region.

The study focuses on the economic feasibility of cultivating Singhi (Heteropneustes fossilis) in RAS farms in Haryana,India. The research involved an analysis of data collected from 14 RAS farms, encompassing both nursery and grow-out operations, with the aim of evaluating the economic feasibility of Singhi farming in RAS. The results show that the majority of farmers prefer advanced RAS systems due to their superior filtration capacity, which is attributed to the use of more advanced filtration equipment compared to low-cost RAS systems. A comparison between low-cost and advanced RAS systems revealed that while the stocking density was slightly higher in low-cost RAS, advanced RAS achieved better survival rates (77.92% vs. 70%) and similar FCRs (1.39 vs. 1.50). Additionally, the production per tank was substantially greater in the advanced RAS (1273.12 kg) than in the low-cost RAS (882 kg). Consequently, the total production per crop was higher in the advanced RAS (` 16,70,308) than in the low-cost RAS (` 16,80,000). Furthermore, the harvest size was larger in the advanced RAS (86.20 g) in contrast to the low-cost RAS (70 g). However, it’s worth noting that the study’s results revealed that the total net profit per year was higher in low-cost RAS (` 17,34,470) compared to the advanced RAS (` 13,89,032). This discrepancy can be attributed to the higher operational costs associated with the advanced RAS, including expenses related to electricity, labour, expensive filtration equipment, and maintenance. Furthermore, it is worth noting that 13 out of 14 RAS farmers favored grow-out RAS over nursery RAS, primarily because of the lower profitability associated with the latter.

Groundnut holds immense significance for India’s economy and nutrition, particularly for tribal communities.

However, lower groundnut productivity in tribal areas compared to non-tribal regions is attributed to resource

constraints, inadequate agricultural techniques, and limited technical knowledge. This study investigates resource utilization efficiency in groundnut cultivation within tribal and non-tribal households in Chhattisgarh’s Jashpur district. The goal is to compare the effectiveness of land, labour, capital, and input utilization between these two groups. Data from 257 farm households, comprising 146 tribal and 111 non-tribal farms, were collected through surveys. The study analyzed input quantities, output, and costs associated with groundnut cultivation, utilizing production function and marginal value product (MVP) analyses. Results reveal significant disparities in resource efficiency between tribal and non-tribal farming households. Non-tribal areas exhibit more efficient use of all inputs except human labour, along with higher MVPs for these inputs. Production function analysis indicates positive relationships between seed, machine use, and plant protection with the outcome variable in both tribal and nontribal areas. However, the significance of these relationships varies. The study’s models explain a moderate to high proportion of outcome variable variance, with R-squared values of 0.72 for tribal and 0.79 for non-tribal areas. MVP and marginal fixed cost (MFC) comparisons for seed, machine use, and plant protection across tribal and non-tribal settings reveal overutilization of these resources, with the former exhibiting higher values. However, human labour and fertilizer data remain inconclusive due to low usage or data limitations. Findings underscore the need to enhance resource efficiency in both contexts, suggesting optimal allocation to bolster agricultural returns. The study’s implications for policy and practice are significant. Access to resources such as land, credit, and inputs must be improved for tribal farmers, accompanied by enhanced agricultural techniques and technical know-how. Recommendations include promoting improved seed varieties, integrated pest management, machinery usage training, and the formation of farmer groups for knowledge dissemination and agricultural best practices adoption. In conclusion, bridging resource use efficiency gaps could enhance groundnut cultivation sustainability among tribal and non-tribal communities in the region.

Beekeeping is an age old tradition in India and is considered a no investment profit giving venture which can

be practiced by all sections of the society. India with 133.2 thousand MT of production is 6th largest producer of honey with 3.74 per cent share in the world. The country is privileged with highest number of beehives (12.2

million) and is home to four of the seven known bee species. India also ranks 9th in export of honey. Around 50 per cent of the honey produced is consumed domestically and exports being dependent on one main market i.e. the United States (80%). Punjab is the leading state in the country in apiculture producing 18500 MT (13.89%) of honey from 4.0 lakh colonies and is exporting about 13,296 MT (1.91%) honey. The state has the potential to support even 10 lakh colonies that can be increased within next 4 to 5 years to achieve production of 45,000 MT with increased honey yield leading to increased net returns and profit. The major constraints faced by the honey producers include availability of technically skilled labour followed by low prices, high cost of migration, fear of theft and infrastructure. To develop an organised bee-farming sector there is a strong need to promote beekeeping as a subsidiary occupation by provision of adequate credit and subsidy on beekeeping infrastructure, establishing processing plants to give further fillip to honey exports, forming effective Breeders’ Associations, fixing raw honey purchase prices along with initiative for the insurance policy for bee hives by the Government.

Studying the socio-economic status of women goes beyond mere statistics; it has far-reaching implications for

social, economic, and human development. By recognizing the barriers women face and working to remove

them, societies can unlock the full potential of women, leading to more inclusive and sustainable growth. The

study of the socio-economic status of women holds significant importance due to its multifaceted implications

for individuals, families, communities, and societies as a whole. National Rural Livelihoods Mission in Jammu

and Kashmir is reaching the poorest of poor of the rural women and has been empowering them socially and

economically since 2015. The present study is focuses on the socio-economic status of 300 women involved in NRLM activities as treatment group and 120 women who are not involved in NRLM as control group. The study used Uday-Pareek Scale to reveal that 62.33% member women of NRLM belonged to middle scale and 38.66% belonged to lower scale in Jammu division whereas 82.66% belonged to middle scale and 17.33% belonged to lower scale in Kashmir division. It was found that 6.66% BPL non member women of NRLM belonged to middle scale and 83.33% belonged to middle lower scale and 10% belonged to lower scale in Jammu division whereas 45% belonged to middle scale, 38% belonged to middle lower scale and 17% belonged to lower scale in Kashmir division. The results clearly indicated that despite women being in BPL class, their socio-economic conditions have been improved significantly over the years due to their active involvement in NRLM activities as compared to those non member women of NRLM.

Agriculture is primary sector of the Indian economy. And it remains major challenge to achieve overall water,

energy and food security in India. Solar energy is the most abundant source of energy in the world. Solar power is not only an answer to today’s energy crisis but also an environmentally friendly form of energy. The present study was undertaken for financial feasibility of solar irrigation system in Rajasthan. Sri Ganganagar district of Rajasthan was selected purposively because it secures second rank in terms of installation of solar irrigation system. The 80 sample farmer comprises of 40 solar irrigation systems and 40 diesel irrigation systems were randomly selected from the Sri Ganganagar district. The study was conducted with the objective to study the status of solar irrigation system in Rajasthan. Financial feasibility of solar irrigation system with and without subsidy and suggest the policy implementation for adoption of solar irrigation system. The collective data shows that the installation number of solar irrigation system in Rajasthan in 2020-21 is 33064. In financial feasibility we are calculated the Payback Period and B:C Ratio with and without subsidy. The Payback Period is 1.30, 1.80, 2.58 with subsidy and 3.26, 4.51, and 6.46 without subsidy for 3, 5, and 7.5 HP solar irrigation system. The B:C Ratio is 7.06, 5.49, and 4.09 with subsidy and 3.35, 2.51, or 1.80 without subsidy for 3, 5, and 7.5 HP solar irrigation system.

The present study was undertaken for impact of alternate income sources on consumption expenditure of farmers in Jaipur district of Rajasthan. Jaipur district of Rajasthan was purposively selected based on Jaipur is the capital

of Rajasthan, Jaipur has highest population. Twenty-five farmers were selected randomly in each category.

Thus, a total number of selected farmers were hundred. The influence of these factors on food consumption

expenditure (FCE), non-food consumption expenditure (NFCE) and total consumption expenditure (CE) across

farm households was assessed using the quantile regression analysis. The results of quantile regression revealed that in study area NFA income, Income from farming, AA and NFA, family size and land holding size were the major contributing factor for 75th CE, while for the family 50th and 25th CE, the AA income, Income from farming, An additional member in the family, total CE increased by ` 1648.59, ` 2189.39 and ` 2852.82 for 25th, 50th and 75th quantiles, respectively.

Insurance for livestock is more essential because agriculture is main occupation in India and our national income mainly depends on agriculture sector. Many people involved in agriculture farming & dairying are benefited through livestock insurance but that benefit is not reaching to all. Hence, in the research an attempt is made to study the various constraints faced by field veterinarians in insuring the animals under National Livestock Mission. Altogether thirty one districts are distributed among seven agro climatic zones of Tamil Nadu. From each district of Tamil Nadu, 30 insured farmers were selected by simple random sampling procedure, so as to have a total sample of 930 milch cow beneficiaries. The results indicated that most of the Veterinarians felt that insuring the animals and claiming the settlement involvement involves so much procedure and formalities which needs so much paper work and consumes lot of time and energy and hence considered as the top most constraint in implementing the scheme followed by engaged in different activities and Claim procedure difficulties. The veterinarians felt that the scheme to be successful, the first thing to do is to make prompt settlements within a stipulated time period say 60-90 days which would create positive impact and the implementation mechanism has to be simpler, hassle free and prompt to make it successful. Hence, necessary steps may be taken to make the livestock insurance services available at doorsteps of the farmers / villages and individual animal assessment which would make the scheme more popular and bring more and more farmers under the ambit of the scheme. 

India is the second most flood-affected country after Bangladesh. Karnataka has experienced severe floods earlier also during the last two decades. Keeping the above in view, the present study entitled “Mitigation measures adopted by livestock farmer and strategies developed for livestock management during flood” was taken up. The study was conducted purposively in Belagavi and Kalaburgi division of Karnataka. The data collection was done during the month of November and December 2021by personal interview method with the help of a pretested schedule in two divisions of north Karnataka with 160 respondents each making a total of 320 respondents. The results indicated that the majority of the respondents had adopted high mitigation measures concerned with feeding management (48.44%) and health care management (55.63%), where as farmers adopted medium mitigation measures as far as housing was concerned (51.25%) and marketing management (38.44%). Among the overall respondents majority of the respondents had adopted medium rehabilitation measures (44.69%), followed by high (34.38%) and low (20.93%). The findings would help in arranging awareness camps in villages and training programmes to different stake holders for strengthening the managemental measures to be taken during the flood. The findings can be used by the national disaster management agency, the minister of home affairs and the Indian government to establish a national disaster management framework.